Journal: Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Article Title: Co-treatment of ticagrelor and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in tumor-associated macrophages reduces pancreatic cancer cell growth and migration through the TGF-β1/Smad2 pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118695

Figure Lengend Snippet: TAMs in the PDAC TME express PD-1. The pancreatic tissue slides from healthy and pancreatic cancer patients were immunostained with (A) anti-PD-L1 and (B) anti-PD-1 and anti-CD163 (a marker for TAMs). In human pancreatic cancer specimens, PD-L1 was expressed, and PD-1 was co-localized with CD163. The images are representative of three independent experiments. Scale bar: 20μm. 40 × magnification.

Article Snippet: Patient-derived human pancreatic cancer cells (HPCCs, 77007–07, Celprogen) were cultured in a human pancreatic cancer cell line complete medium.

Techniques: Marker

Journal: Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Article Title: Co-treatment of ticagrelor and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in tumor-associated macrophages reduces pancreatic cancer cell growth and migration through the TGF-β1/Smad2 pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118695

Figure Lengend Snippet: Co-treatment of ticagrelor and cemiplimab synergistically increases TAM’s phagocytic ability and decreases the migration of patient-derived human pancreatic cancer cells. THP-1 cells were cultured with PMA (10 ng/mL) for 24 h to differentiate into macrophages (M0). Following 24 h of resting, cells were incubated with 30 % v/v of conditioned media from human pancreatic cancer cells (HPCCs) for 48 h (H-TAMs). (A) The expressions of TAM markers, CD206, CD163, PD-1, and Arg1, and CD163 + PD-1 + were detected using flow cytometry, N = 3. (B) A phagocytosis assay was performed to determine the phagocytic ability of H-TAMs, as described above. Representative images of H-TAM phagocytosis are shown (scale bar: 75μm). (C) Phagocytosis is expressed as a percentage of tumor cells phagocytosed by TAMs (white arrow) per field of view normalized to the untreated co-culture group set to 100 %. N = 3, *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ****P ≤ 0.0001. (D) HPCCs were seeded in the upper chamber of the Transwell co-culture system (8 μm pore size), while H-TAMs were placed in the lower chamber. The H-TAMs were treated with 2 μM ticagrelor, 2 μM cemiplimab, or 2 μM ticagrelor and 2 μM cemiplimab. After 48 h of incubation, the migrated cells were fixed and stained. Representative images of migrated HPCCs are shown (scale bar: 250μm). (E) Data was quantified as the number of migrated cells normalized to the untreated cancer cell group set to 100 %. N = 3–4, **P ≤ 0.01, ****P ≤ 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Patient-derived human pancreatic cancer cells (HPCCs, 77007–07, Celprogen) were cultured in a human pancreatic cancer cell line complete medium.

Techniques: Migration, Derivative Assay, Cell Culture, Incubation, Flow Cytometry, Phagocytosis Assay, Co-Culture Assay, Pore Size, Staining

Journal: Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Article Title: Co-treatment of ticagrelor and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in tumor-associated macrophages reduces pancreatic cancer cell growth and migration through the TGF-β1/Smad2 pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118695

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) The concentration of TGF-β1 was measured in plasma samples from healthy donors and cancer patients by Multi-Species TGF-β 3-Plex Discovery Assay ® . N = 5, *P ≤ 0.05. (B) The lysates prepared from the pancreatic tissue samples from healthy donors and cancer patients were used to perform a Western blot to detect the level of phosphorylated Smad2. Western blotting images are shown. (C) Data was quantified as the ratio of phosphorylated Smad2 to β-actin. N = 3–4, **P ≤ 0.01.

Article Snippet: Patient-derived human pancreatic cancer cells (HPCCs, 77007–07, Celprogen) were cultured in a human pancreatic cancer cell line complete medium.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Clinical Proteomics, Western Blot

Journal: Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Article Title: Co-treatment of ticagrelor and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in tumor-associated macrophages reduces pancreatic cancer cell growth and migration through the TGF-β1/Smad2 pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118695

Figure Lengend Snippet: The inhibitory effect of the co-treatment of ticagrelor and cemiplimab on TAM-induced migration of human pancreatic cancer cells is reversed by exogenous TGF-β1. Transwell assay was performed to determine the migration capacity of HPCCs as described above. The H-TAMs were treated with 2 μM ticagrelor, 2 μM cemiplimab, 2 μM ticagrelor and 2 μM cemiplimab, or 5 ng/mL exogenous TGF-β1 and the co-treatment for 48 h. (A) Representative images of migrated HPCCs are shown (scale bar: 250 μm). (B) Data was quantified as the number of migrated cells normalized to the untreated cancer cell group set to 100 %. N = 3–4, *P ≤ 0.05, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Patient-derived human pancreatic cancer cells (HPCCs, 77007–07, Celprogen) were cultured in a human pancreatic cancer cell line complete medium.

Techniques: Migration, Transwell Assay